Discovered 100 years ago, continues to fascinate and attract the interest of scientists and non-scientists all around the globe. Being the only quantum phenomena visible to the naked eye, it offers a unique window to quantum mechanics.
Maglev Magnets: How They Work, Where They’re Used, and Why They Matter
Magnetic levitation has moved from futuristic dreams to science class reality, and at the center of it all are maglev magnets. But what exactly are they, and how can they make objects float? In this article, we’ll explore how maglev magnets work, where they’re commonly used, and how they bring physics to life in American […]
Magnetic levitation has moved from futuristic dreams to science class reality, and at the center of it all are maglev magnets. But what exactly are they, and how can they make objects float? In this article, we’ll explore how maglev magnets work, where they’re commonly used, and how they bring physics to life in American classrooms and science fairs. What Are Maglev Magnets? Maglev (short for magnetic levitation) magnets are typically made of strong neodymium materials. They’re arranged to either repel or stabilize objects without physical contact, creating the floating effect that defines magnetic levitation. There are two main types of maglev magnets: Type Description Permanent magnets (NdFeB) Strong, affordable, used in most DIY kits and toys Superconducting magnets Require cooling, used in advanced demonstrations and research In most educational kits, permanent neodymium magnets are the go-to option due to their strength and ease of use. How Do Maglev Magnets Work? Maglev magnets work by exploiting the fundamental law of magnetism: like poles repel. When you align the same poles of two magnets, they push away from each other with enough force to counteract gravity. To stabilize levitation (so the floating object doesn’t flip or fall), kits often use a guided magnetic track or a balance of attraction and repulsion. In superconducting applications, “flux pinning” locks the levitating object in space. According to MIT- “Magnetic levitation illustrates key concepts in motion, force, and equilibrium, making it ideal for active learning.” Where Are Maglev Magnets Used? Maglev magnets aren’t just for science kits. You’ll find them in: High- speed maglev trains that glide above tracks with zero friction Levitating display stands for products and gadgets DIY kits that make magnetic levitation accessible to students Superconducting experiments in research labs In the U.S., they’re especially popular in STEM programs and science fairs. With over 94% of U.S. schools integrating STEM education (Education Week), tools that make physics tangible are more in demand than ever. <img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-850" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-600x472.jpg" alt="" width="508" height="400" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-600x472.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-510x401.jpg 510w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-768x604.jpg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-350x275.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-300x236.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-508x400.jpg 508w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit-1017x800.jpg 1017w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-Levitation-Maglev-Kit.jpg 1028w" sizes="(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px" /> Maglev Kits in Education Science kits that use maglev magnets help students: Understand core physics concepts like force and motion Engage with hands-on learning Prepare for STEM careers from an early age Our DIY Maglev Kit includes high- grade neodymium magnets, a magnetic track, and all the components needed to build a working model of magnetic levitation. Designed for U.S. middle schools, homeschool programs, and curious tinkerers of all ages. Final Thoughts Maglev magnets turn invisible forces into visible, hands on science. Whether you’re building a science fair project or just want to explore real world physics, this is one of the most exciting and educational technologies out there. Order your DIY Maglev Kit today and let learning levitate. FAQ’S What are maglev magnets made of? They’re typically made from neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), known for producing strong magnetic fields. Can I build a maglev train model with this kit? Yes! Our kit allows you to build a floating model and explore how magnetic repulsion works in real time. Is it safe for kids? Yes, under supervision. The magnets are powerful, so we recommend the kit for ages 10+.
Top 4 Hands-On Science Kits for Kids That Make Physics Fun
Some kids love science from the start. Others just need the right way in. When learning becomes something they can touch, build, or experiment with- everything changes. Here are five science kits for kids that turn physics from “just another subject” into something real, exciting, and fun to explore. Each one offers hands-on learning, real […]
Some kids love science from the start. Others just need the right way in. When learning becomes something they can touch, build, or experiment with- everything changes. Here are five science kits for kids that turn physics from “just another subject” into something real, exciting, and fun to explore. Each one offers hands-on learning, real scientific principles, and a chance to build confidence through doing. 1. Magnetic Levitation Kit Ever seen an object float in mid-air – without strings, batteries, or tricks? This kit introduces magnetic fields and levitation using permanent magnets and a carefully designed setup. It’s a simple, elegant way to understand magnetic force and balance. Ages: 10+ View Magnetic Levitation Kit <img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-107538" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-600x401.jpg" alt="Magnetic Levitation Kit" width="410" height="274" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-600x400.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-1600x1069.jpg 1600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-768x513.jpg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-1536x1026.jpg 1536w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-350x234.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-300x200.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819-510x341.jpg 510w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8_6-scaled-e1675844978819.jpg 1964w" sizes="(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px" /> 2. Superconductivity Levitation Kit This one goes a step further. Using a superconducting disk cooled with liquid nitrogen, kids can explore flux pinning and the Meissner effect, real quantum physics, in action. It’s an advanced concept, but the visual effect speaks for itself. Ages: 13+ with adult supervision View Superconductivity Levitation Kit <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-107477" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-levitator-on-a-circle.jpg" alt="Superconductivity Levitation Kit" width="410" height="274" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-levitator-on-a-circle.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-levitator-on-a-circle-350x234.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-levitator-on-a-circle-300x201.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Quantum-levitator-on-a-circle-510x341.jpg 510w" sizes="(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px" /> 3. DIY Maglev Kit A perfect middle ground: this DIY kit lets kids build their own maglev setup from start to finish. Along the way, they learn about magnetic repulsion, guide rails, and how transportation technology uses these same principles. Ages: 12+ View DIY Maglev Kit <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-106994" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/boaz-1396-Edit.jpg" alt="Maglev Kit" width="405" height="288" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/boaz-1396-Edit.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/boaz-1396-Edit-510x363.jpg 510w" sizes="(max-width: 405px) 100vw, 405px" /> 4. Science Kits for Kids Collection Many science kits for kids are fun but don’t go beyond surface level experiments. What sets these kits apart is that they’re based on actual physics principles. Not just colorful reactions or simple toys. Kids get to explore levitation, magnetic fields, and superconductivity in ways that connect directly to real-world science. It’s the kind of experience that sticks with them, long after the experiment ends. Designed for learning, not just play. Explore science kits for kids Why It Works: Real Physics, Real Results Hands-on kits bring physics to life. They don’t just explain how forces work, they let kids feel them. See them. Try again when something doesn’t go quite right. That’s where learning happens. Whether your child is a future engineer or just likes building things, these kits give them tools to explore the laws of nature, right from their kitchen table.
Science Experiment Kits for Teens: 6 Fascinating Ways to Demonstrate Magnetic Levitation
Magnetic levitation is a phenomenon that combines physics and wonder, capturing the imagination of anyone who sees it in action. From science enthusiasts to educators, showcasing magnetic levitation is a perfect way to explore advanced scientific principles in a visually stunning manner. If you’re looking for engaging ways to demonstrate this, we’ve got six incredible […]
Magnetic levitation is a phenomenon that combines physics and wonder, capturing the imagination of anyone who sees it in action. From science enthusiasts to educators, showcasing magnetic levitation is a perfect way to explore advanced scientific principles in a visually stunning manner. If you’re looking for engaging ways to demonstrate this, we’ve got six incredible setups that are perfect for classrooms, science fairs, or just wowing your friends at home. These demonstrations are also great for science experiment kits for teens, providing hands-on learning about quantum physics and quantum levitation. Let’s dive in! Levitation Over a Still Magnet This is one of the simplest and most striking demonstrations of magnetic levitation. By cooling a superconductor to its critical temperature and placing it above a magnet, you’ll witness the superconductor float steadily in midair. This occurs because the superconductor locks the magnetic field lines, creating a stable 3D locking effect. How to Set It Up: Use a superconductor disk and a strong neodymium magnet. Cool the superconductor with liquid nitrogen until it’s fully supercooled. This should take around 30 seconds. You’ll know it’s ready when the bubbling subsides. Carefully place the superconductor above the magnet and push it towards the magnet. You should feel a slight resistance as the flux gets pinned inside the superconductor. It now hovers in place, seemingly defying gravity. Pro Tip: Once the levitation is stable, try gently pushing the superconductor in any direction. It will remain locked in its new position, demonstrating the robustness and 3D nature of quantum locking. Floating with Ring Magnets Want to take it up a notch? Create a mesmerizing rotating & floating effect using ring magnets. Once the superconductor is cooled, place it on the ring path and watch as it locks into place and glides effortlessly. Don’t forget to lock the superconductor in the field by pushing it towards the magnet, feeling the gentle resistance. This demonstration not only shows levitation but also frictionless motion, due to the 3D locking and symmetric nature of the magnetic field (along the ring axis). How to Set It Up: Arrange a series of ring magnets in a circular or custom pattern. Cool the superconductor and gently place it on the magnetic path. Lock the superconductor in the magnetic field. Observe how it moves smoothly, locked in its position due to quantum locking. Best for: Science experiment kits for teens, science fairs, and exhibitions where you want a continuous, hypnotic motion that grabs attention. DIY Straight and Circular Tracks If you’re looking to add a creative DIY element to your demonstration, building straight or circular magnetic tracks is the way to go. The superconductor glides steadily along these tracks, even if they’re tilted or sloped. This shows the stability of quantum locking in action. How to Set It Up: Build a magnetic track by carefully placing magnets on a metallic sheet. Make two parallel lines of magnets, preferably with an even space between them. You can make curves and straight lines but Make sure to keep the track as even as possible. Make sure magnets along each track are pointing in the same direction (e.g., up) while the other track is facing the opposite way (e.g., down). Cool your superconductor to its critical temperature. Place it on the track, lock it in the magnetic field, and give it a gentle push. It will glide smoothly, as if riding on an invisible rail. Pro Tip: Use a sloped track for added dramatic effect, demonstrating how the superconductor resists falling or slipping. Levitation of a Small Magnet Above a Superconductor This reverse levitation setup is sure to fascinate your audience. Instead of levitating the superconductor, cool it down and place a small magnet above it. The magnet will float in midair, perfectly stable, due to the interaction with the superconducting material. How to Set It Up: Cool the superconductor in liquid nitrogen. Place the superconductor on a flat, thermally insulating surface like styrofoam or plastic. If you’re using Quantum Levitation Superconductors, place the levitator with its bottom facing up (that’s where the superconductor is). Position a small, lightweight magnet just above the superconductor. It should be repelled and fly off immediately. Congratulations! You’ve just witnessed the Meissner effect! Push the magnet towards the superconductor until it is locked stably. Watch as the magnet hovers and rotates freely. Why It’s Cool: This setup is simple yet visually captivating, making it ideal for quick demos or close-up videos. Superconductor Floating Beneath a Strong Magnet Flip the script with this demonstration where the superconductor hovers beneath a powerful magnet. This inversion of the typical levitation setup showcases how the locking of magnetic flux, flux pinning, is responsible for the levitation and not magnetic repulsion, such as the Meissner effect. How to Set It Up: Secure a strong magnet in a fixed position so that you have access below it. Preferably, make a bridge setup where the magnet sits in the top middle. SAFETY ISSUE – Make sure the magnet is fastened steadily to a stand. Magnets exert huge forces and may cause serious injury. Cool the superconductor and carefully place it underneath the magnet. Push the superconductor towards the magnet until it locks in place and hovers below the magnet, defying expectations. Pro Tip: The closer the superconductor gets to the magnets, the stronger the levitation becomes and can suspend heavier weights. Experiment with positioning and hanging different weights to explore the locking effect. Quantum Locking at Different Angles For a truly mind-bending demonstration, use the quantum locking phenomenon to make the superconductor disk held steady at different angles. Once cooled, the superconductor will remain locked in its position, keeping its orientation with the magnetic field. How to Set It Up: Cool the superconductor disk with liquid nitrogen. Place a magnetic setup on a steady surface. Take the cooled superconductor and lock it above the magnets. See that it stays locked in space. Push and pull the superconductor and rearrange its orientation. Observe how it stays locked in position, either floating or clinging, no matter the direction. Try taking the magnetic setup in your hand, moving it and tilting it while the superconductor is locked. See that it stays in place. Why It’s a Showstopper: This setup is perfect for sparking conversations about advanced physics concepts, as it challenges perceptions of gravity and stability. Explore the Magic of Quantum Levitation Magnetic levitation is not just science—it’s an experience. These six demonstrations highlight the beauty and complexity of superconductivity in ways that are sure to captivate any audience. They are also ideal for inclusion in science experiment kits for teens, making quantum physics more interactive and accessible. Experiment with these setups, share the wonder with others, and let the marvel of quantum physics inspire curiosity and creativity. Happy experimenting!
Introducing the Magnetic Levitation Science Fair Kit: an easy-to-use, educational, and exhilarating showcase of magnetic levitation technology designed for both students and teachers. This kit provides all the necessary components to explore and demonstrate the principles of maglev systems at home or in a classroom setting. With simple, clear instructions and high quality magnets, it offers an unconventional and exciting way to bring the thrill of science directly to your fingertips, perfect for igniting curiosity and fostering a love for learning at science fairs and beyond.
Introducing the Magnetic Levitation Science Fair Kit An easy-to-use, educational, and exhilarating showcase of magnetic levitation technology designed for both students and teachers. This kit provides all the necessary components to explore and demonstrate the principles of maglev systems at home or in a classroom setting. With simple, clear instructions and high quality magnets, it offers an unconventional and exciting way to bring the thrill of science directly to your fingertips, perfect for igniting curiosity and fostering a love for learning at science fairs and beyond. Assembly instructions Follow the following steps to assemble you maglev experience: <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3c0a035 elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery" data-id="3c0a035" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"gallery_layout":"masonry","gap":{"unit":"px","size":40,"sizes":[]},"overlay_title":"caption","lazyload":"yes","columns":4,"columns_tablet":2,"columns_mobile":1,"gap_tablet":{"unit":"px","size":10,"sizes":[]},"gap_mobile":{"unit":"px","size":10,"sizes":[]},"link_to":"file","overlay_background":"yes","content_hover_animation":"fade-in"}" data-widget_type="gallery.default"> <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-1.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="Magnetic Levitation Kit- STEP 1" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTg3LCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC0xLmdpZiIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNjMGEwMzUifQ%3D%3D"> STEP 1 <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-2.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 2" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTg2LCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC0yLmdpZiIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNjMGEwMzUifQ%3D%3D"> STEP 2 <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-3A.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 3A" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTkxLCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC0zQS5naWYiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzYzBhMDM1In0%3D"> STEP 3A <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-3B.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 3B" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTkwLCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC0zQi5naWYiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzYzBhMDM1In0%3D"> STEP 3B <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-3C.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 3C" data-elementor-lightbox-description="STEP 3C" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTg5LCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC0zQy5naWYiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzYzBhMDM1In0%3D"> STEP 3C <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-4.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 4" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTg4LCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC00LmdpZiIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNjMGEwMzUifQ%3D%3D"> STEP 4 <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-5.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 5" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTk3LCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC01LmdpZiIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNjMGEwMzUifQ%3D%3D"> STEP 5 <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-6.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 6" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTk1LCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC02LmdpZiIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNjMGEwMzUifQ%3D%3D"> STEP 6 <a class="e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content" href="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/STEP-7.gif" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow="3c0a035" data-elementor-lightbox-title="STEP 7" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTA4NTk2LCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvcXVhbnR1bWxldml0YXRpb24uY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI0XC8wNFwvU1RFUC03LmdpZiIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjNjMGEwMzUifQ%3D%3D"> STEP 7 ENJOY! <!-- <!--">--> Magnetic Levitation Kit: DIY Project for Kids and Adults $79.00 – $172.00 Magnetic Levitation Kit: DIY Project for Kids and Adults $79.00 – $172.00 Includes Track setup (perspex) + levitator plate 20x NdFeB cube… Read more Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $119.00 – $309.00 Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $119.00 – $309.00 Includes Quantum Levitator (YBCO superconductor inside), Ø3.5 cm, Ø1.4” … Read more YBCO Meissner & Flux pinning Levitation Disk $427.00 $349.00 YBCO Meissner & Flux pinning Levitation Disk $427.00 $349.00 Includes 35mm⌀, 8mm high YBCO thin layers thermally insulated and covered with multiple protective layers. 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The scientific world is in turmoil. Room temperature superconductivity has been discovered. Or so it seems. Let's explore some issues with the latest LK-99 publications and videos.
The scientific world is in turmoil. Room temperature superconductivity has been discovered. Or so it seems. A group of scientists from South Korea (Sukbae Lee, Jihoon Kim, Hyun-Tak Kim, Sungyeon Im, SooMin An, and Keun Ho Auh) published two pre-print (not peer reviewed yet) manuscripts describing what they claim is the first room temperature, ambient pressure superconductors. https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12037 https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12008 The promise of room temperature superconductors is, of course, huge: Create efficient electronic devices that do not dissipate heat (just think of your computer and how it heats up when it works hard). Transfer huge amount of energy (current) from afar without dissipation, e.g. spread solar and wind energy sources across the globe and transfer the electricity thousands of kilometers/miles to where it’s most needed. Create enormous magnetic fields for MRI machines / particle accelerators / fusion energy device / etc. without the need for expensive and cumbersome cryogenics. And much more. What makes a superconductor a superconductor? Any superconductor is characterized by 2 intrinsic properties: Zero dc electrical resistance Meissner effect Both are not trivial to measure. Let me explain why. 1. Zero dc electrical resistance Measuring the lack of resistance is like measuring the lack of a signal. You need to have a suitable measurement setup that will not be affected by the measurement itself or by the surroundings. The most common way to measure the electrical resistance of a superconductor directly is the 4-wire technique – inject current into the SC using two current leads and probe the voltage using two separate contacts. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-106976" width="271" height="270" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup.jpg 320w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup-280x280.jpg 280w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup-300x300.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px" /> 4-wire measurement setup <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-106515" width="409" height="272" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1.png 1542w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1-600x400.png 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1-510x341.png 510w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1-768x513.png 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1-1536x1026.png 1536w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1-350x234.png 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screenshot-of-Keynote-1-300x200.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px" /> Metallic coating on a ceramic sample For the 4-wire measurement to be affective several conditions must be met: Reliable electrical contacts. This usually means that the contact resistance is not too large ( Ohmic contacts) and that it stays connected during cooling/heating cycles. This is especially challenging with ceramic dielectric (electrical insulating) materials such as the new superconductors. e.g. the conductivity of the new LK-99 material is x10,000 worse than gold – Gold resistivity is ~2 x 10-6. [Ohm*cm] vs. LK-99 which is ~2 x 10-2 To overcome this challenge we need additional conductive coating (e.g. silver/gold layer ) on the superconductor surface. See for example the image above of a piece of superconducting BSSCO. The shape of the conductor must be a bar shape – i.e. the width & thickness << length. If the conductor is more rectangle in shape (width ~ length), then the current spread across the material is not well defined and there is a good chance that the voltage probes will not measure the correct potential drop across the sample. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Measurement-of-a-square-conductivity-sample-in-the-Van-der-Pauw-geometry-The-two.png" alt="" class="wp-image-107999" width="285" height="192" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Measurement-of-a-square-conductivity-sample-in-the-Van-der-Pauw-geometry-The-two.png 389w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Measurement-of-a-square-conductivity-sample-in-the-Van-der-Pauw-geometry-The-two-350x236.png 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Measurement-of-a-square-conductivity-sample-in-the-Van-der-Pauw-geometry-The-two-300x202.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 285px) 100vw, 285px" /> For an arbitrary shape that does not meet this criteria another technique was developed – The Van-Der-Pauw technique. 2. Meissner effect The Meissner effect is an intrinsic property of the superconductor that stems from the fact that it’s a lower energy state of the matter. The superconductor ‘uses’ its ability to drive currents without loss of energy to push away any magnetic fields from its body, thereby preserving the lower energy superconductivity state. The Meissner effect is the perfect diamagnetic response, the SC becomes an opposite magnet and repels any external one. Regardless of polarization. The repelling forces induced by the Meissner effect caused a non-stable levitation (like a spring loaded repulsion). A demonstration of Meissner repulsion Stable levitation is only achieved in type II superconductors when the Meissner effect is combined with flux pinning. The pinning is a unique phenomena to certain superconductors and allows superconductivity to coexist side-by-side with magnetic fields. Weak areas inside the SC – grain boundaries, imperfections, etc. become trapping points to external magnetic flux where superconductivity is locally destroyed. Since SC is the preferred (minimum energy) state, any movement of the flux lines outside the pinning centers will result in an increase of the energy – hence a returning force is created. Just like a spring applies a returning force when it is compress or extended. Flux pinning is a sign of type-II superconductivity but is not an intrinsic SC property. Issues with the recent room temperature publications Everyone (and I mean everyone) is excited about the new LK-99 discovery. However, there are many questions about the recent publications that must be addressed. No zero resistance measurement There is only one measurement shown of the resistance vs. temperature of the new SC. And it doesn’t show an actual zero electrical resistance. Many explanations are given but the fact remains – no zero dc resistance is observed. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/77C521C9-4CE3-4F70-B3FB-8972A24778DC.png" alt="" class="wp-image-108013" width="526" height="305" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/77C521C9-4CE3-4F70-B3FB-8972A24778DC.png 762w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/77C521C9-4CE3-4F70-B3FB-8972A24778DC-600x348.png 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/77C521C9-4CE3-4F70-B3FB-8972A24778DC-350x203.png 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/77C521C9-4CE3-4F70-B3FB-8972A24778DC-300x174.png 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/77C521C9-4CE3-4F70-B3FB-8972A24778DC-510x296.png 510w" sizes="(max-width: 526px) 100vw, 526px" /> Fig. 6(a) https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12037 In an attempt to convince that there is an actual zero resistance (voltage) another measurement of a different sample is shown. This out of context measurement may or may not be superconducting. Additional data of the V(I) curves (the voltage measured at various input currents) shows a finite resistance (non-zero) even at the lowest currents (below the critical current): <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-108002" width="501" height="332" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image.jpeg 604w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-600x397.jpeg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-350x232.jpeg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-300x199.jpeg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-510x338.jpeg 510w" sizes="(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px" /> Fig. 1(a) https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12008 Problematic 4-wire measurement setup There are two mentions of the actual resistance measurements: “Figure 5 shows the temperature dependence of the resistivity of sample 2 (4.8 x 10.1 x 1.2mm) measured at 30 mA by the four-probe method. ” [https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12037] And – “4-point probe measurement was performed with 4 four pogo test probes (YoungJinSa, Inc., Korea) insulated from each other and arrayed in one line with the same distance (1.2mm). “ [https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12008] The geometry of the sample is a rectangle and using the 4-wire setup is problematic. Additionally, making physical contacts without any metallic coating (just by “pogo probes”) is very difficult. Further more, as stated: “Also, a thin film of LK-99 was fabricated on the precision glass plate by a thermal vapor deposition process (UNIVAC, Korea). ” Creating a thin film sample that preserves the same superconducting properties as the bulk material is a huge task that takes many trials and a long time. No technical details were given for the thin film deposition (temperature, pressure, gases, annealing process, target material, etc.) or its properties. Transition to the superconducting state is too sharp As the authors mention in https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12008: “Moreover, since LK-99 has a polycrystalline morphology shown in Figure 2, the non-uniform resistivity of the bulk samples can be explained as inter-grain boundaries, intergranular vortex flow, free vortex flow(18-20) of polycrystalline superconducting phase. ” The transition to the superconducting stage of a non-uniform, polycrystalline sample is expected to be gradual and span several degrees at best. The same goes from the critical current values across the bulk image which is highly affected by the different grains (doping) and the boundaries between them (angle, quality, etc.). Hence one might expect a gradual transition both in temperature and current. As an example, below is a typical transition curve of a bulk BSCCO superconductor. This is a highly homogenous sample. A new material is expected to have much worse homogeneity (wider transition): <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-1600x1000.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-108010" width="710" height="444" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-1600x1000.jpg 1600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-600x375.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-768x480.jpg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-2048x1280.jpg 2048w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-350x219.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-300x188.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Critical-temperature-510x319.jpg 510w" sizes="(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px" /> A typical critical temperature measurement using 4-wire technique Questionable flux pinning levitation video Even more recently, a video showing an actual levitation, including what might be flux pinning, emerged online: https://twitter.com/Andercot/status/1687740396691185664?s=20 This video raises even more questions – The levitating sample is much smaller than the magnets. Assuming the magnets are uniformly magnetized, the magnetic field across most of the surface is uniform. A flux pinned superconductor that is much smaller than the lateral size of the magnet – will be able to freely move along identical field lines. See the video below. A flux pinned SC moves freely across a single magnet A complete locking in 3D, like seen in the published video, is expected only if the magnetic field is highly non-uniform in ALL directions (up-down AND lateral) on a length scale of the superconductor sample. This does not seem to be the case.
Step into the Lab: Unconventional Science Fair Project Ideas That Wow the Judges
Are you tired of the same old baking soda volcanoes and potato batteries at science fairs? If you're looking to stand out from the crowd and impress the judges, it's time to get creative and think outside the box! In this article, we'll explore some unconventional science fair project ideas that are sure to wow both judges and audiences alike. From exploring the effects of music on plant growth to investigating the relationship between sleep and memory retention, these unique project ideas will pique the judges' interest and spark insightful conversations. By delving into lesser-known scientific concepts and taking a hands-on approach, you'll demonstrate your passion for learning and your ability to think critically. Whether you have a natural curiosity for the world around you or simply want to make a lasting impression, these unconventional science fair project ideas are the perfect way to showcase your talents and creativity. Prepare to wow the judges with projects that push the boundaries of traditional science fair experiments. Get ready to think outside the beaker and step into the lab with these innovative ideas!
Are you tired of the same old baking soda volcanoes and potato batteries at science fairs? If you’re looking to stand out from the crowd and impress the judges, it’s time to get creative and think outside the box! In this article, we’ll explore some unconventional science fair project ideas that are sure to wow both judges and audiences alike. Quantum Physics and unconventional science projects will allow you to set yourself apart from the competition. Judges are constantly on the lookout for unique and innovative projects that challenge conventional wisdom. By choosing an unconventional project, you demonstrate your willingness to take risks and think creatively, which can leave a lasting impression on the judges and increase your chances of success. Unconventional science fair projects ideas: Select a topic that aligns with your passion and curiosity, as this will make the project more enjoyable and engaging for you. Additionally, consider the resources and materials available to you. Ensure that you have access to the necessary equipment and materials to conduct your experiment effectively. Magnetic Levitation (learn more here) Can we use magnets to levitate trains? What are the benefits of levitation and what are the limitations of magnetic levitation? Set up an experiment where you build your own magnetic track and levitate a magnetic train on top. Explore how properties of the tracks and train affect the frictionless motion, levitation height, stability and more. This project not only combines engineering skill but also explores the physics behinds levitation and potential impact of maglev trains on our society. DIY Magnetic levitation train model. Superconductivity and Quantum Levitation (learn more here) The only quantum mechanics phenomenon we can demonstrate in real life. Investigate superconductivity and how it enables levitation and suspension in 3D by conducting multiple experiments with magnets and superconductors. Test the properties of superconductors at external magnetic fields and witness unique phenomenon like the Meissner effect and flux pinning. This project combines classical mechanics with concepts in modern physics. Friction-less rotation of a superconductor above a ring magnet Magnetic forces – magnets and superconductors (learn more here) Visualise and quantify the forces between magnets and superconductors. Using a digital scale you can conduct quantitive experiments of magnetic repulsion, attraction and even 3D locking. Investigate the uniquenss of superconductor magnetic levitation and suspension and compare it to ‘standard’ non-stable magnetic levitation. Perform a series of experiments to explore how the Meissner effect, flux pinning and magnetic repulsion/attraction behave with actual materials. Meissner effect and Flux pinning experiment Gathering materials and resources Once you have chosen your project idea, it’s time to dive into the research and planning phase. Start by conducting a thorough literature review to familiarize yourself with the existing knowledge and studies related to your topic. Here (), we’ve compiled several posts that will help you kickstart your project and guide you through the experiment. Next, prepare a detailed research plan outlining: The steps you need to take to conduct your experiment. The materials and resources required The methodology you will use The variables you will control during the experiment. Break down the experiment into manageable tasks and create a timeline to ensure you stay on track. Safety above all else It’s important to be mindful of safety precautions when gathering materials for your experiment. Magnets can be harmful if handled without care. Keep the following rules when dealing with magnets: Remove any sensitive equipment (medical or electrical). Never leave a stray magnet without attaching it to a sturdy [metallic] surface. Magnets can “jump” into one another and cause great damage in the process. Keep magnets away from small kids. swallowing magnets is fatal and can result in injury and death. Always consult with a teacher, mentor, or experienced scientist to ensure you adhere to best practices. Liquid nitrogen is extremely cold – -196C, -321F. It can cause serious cold burns if touched directly. Use safety gloves and goggles and avoid direct contact with the skin. General tips for a successful science fair presentation To ensure a successful science fair presentation, consider the following tips: Practice your presentation multiple times to ensure a confident and smooth delivery. Use visual aids (live demo!) to enhance your presentation and engage the audience. Be prepared to answer questions from the judges and audience, demonstrating your knowledge and understanding of your project. Dress professionally and maintain good posture and eye contact throughout your presentation. Be enthusiastic and passionate about your project, as this will captivate the judges and audience. Remember, the presentation is your opportunity to showcase your hard work and impress the judges, so make the most of it! Good luck! <!-- <!--">--> Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $119.00 – $309.00 Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $119.00 – $309.00 Includes Quantum Levitator (YBCO superconductor inside), Ø3.5 cm, Ø1.4” … Read more <div class="column small-12 medium-6 tablet-4 large-3 product type-product post-829 status-publish instock product_cat-quantum-demonstration-kits product_cat-science-project product_tag-diy product_tag-maglev product_tag-magnetic-levitation product_tag-quantum-levitation product_tag-superconductor product_tag-train has-post-thumbnail sale taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes"> Magnetic Train Science Fair Kit $79.00 – $172.00 Magnetic Train Science Fair Kit $79.00 – $172.00 Includes Track setup (perspex) + levitator plate 22x NdFeB cube magnets (1x10x30 mm) 10x NdFeB… Read more DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets $534.00 – $801.00 DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets $534.00 – $801.00 Includes Small / Medium Quantum Levitator Plastic tweezers 150/300 NdFeB block magnets (10X10X2mm3) … Read more
Explore superconductor levitation and create a tabletop hoverboard with magnets. In this science fair experiment students can explore magnetic levitation and superconductors.
Why do we need levitating trains? In order to move any object we need to invest energy and convert it to kinetic energy. Any object resists changes to its velocity depending on its mass. Heavier objects will require stronger forces to start moving (change their velocity) and hence more energy overall: F – being the force needed to change the velocity (or create an acceleration) m – the object mass a – the change in velocity of the object or acceleration. Even after a train reaches its desired speed we still need to constantly invest energy in order to maintain its velocity. The train “feels” resistance forces – forces that oppose its movement and try to stop it. Resistance comes from the air around the train & rolling friction acting on the wheels. Wheel slip is one of sources of rolling friction that limits train speeds Reducing friction Regular wheeled trains are subject to rolling friction acting on the train wheels which limits its maximal speed to ~350km/h. In order to exceed this limit we need to get rid of the wheels and levitate the train. The easiest way to lift an object is through magnetic forces. Magnets (and electro-magnets) are a good source of repulsion forces. When we put two magnets close together, they either attract or repel each other. However, magnetic repulsion is unstable – try levitating one magnet on top of another without support and see what happens. In order to create a stable magnetic levitation we need to create a stabilizing mechanism – a system that increases / decreases the magnetic forces when the train gets closer/farther away from the track. I.e when the train is too close to the bottom track the magnetic repulsion increases, pushing the train back up and when it moves too close to one side of the tracks – a magnetic repulsion increases on one side and attraction forces on the other side, pushing the train back to the center of the tracks. Magnetic lifting and stabilizing forces Adapted from https://scmaglev.jr-central-global.com/ : In maglev trains, such as the Japanese Maglev (link), stability is achieved by inducing repulsive<->attractive magnetic forces in coils that are embedded inside the track. Maglev Science Project We can create a simple maglev train project by using permanent magnets for the levitation and add supporting walls for stability. Building such a maglev setup is a science experiment that will allow you to explore how magnetic forces behave, how to achieve levitation stability, friction and much more. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-107885" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-1600x1067.jpg" alt="" width="513" height="342" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-1600x1067.jpg 1600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-600x400.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-350x233.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-300x200.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/0_2-510x340.jpg 510w" sizes="(max-width: 513px) 100vw, 513px" /> Material needed: Magnetic steel plate, 7.5x30cm Perspex train cube w/ double sided adhesive Perspex spacers for the track 70 permanent cube magnets, 10x10x2mm Assembly instructions: Building the track Construct a straight magnetic track using ~60 block magnets and the magnetic steel plate: Place the wider Perspex spacer at the center of the steel plate. Spread magnets on one side of the spacer. Make sure all the magnets a pointing to the same direction. [TIP] Magnets will attract each other when stacked along the field direction. On the other hand – when placed side-by-side they will attract when having opposite polarizations. Fill in as many magnets as you can and tighten the line as much as possible. Build a second row of magnets having the same polarization on the other side of the spacer. Tighten the magnets in both rows as much as possible. Place the two narrow spacers on both sides of the magnet rows. Track holder & assembly Construct the track walls. Start with the two long pieces and connect them using the two shorter ones. Place the track structure above the assembled track. Magnetic train puck Remove the adhesive cover at the bottom of the train puck. Place 8 magnets in two rows, along the long edges of the puck ~1mm from the edge. Magnets should have the same orientation as the ones on the track. <img decoding="async" class="wp-image-107890" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited.jpg" alt="" width="405" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited.jpg 2339w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-600x400.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-1600x1066.jpg 1600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-768x512.jpg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-350x233.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-300x200.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_30-edited-510x340.jpg 510w" sizes="(max-width: 2339px) 100vw, 2339px" /> Flip the puck (magnets at the bottom) and place it above the magnetic track between the two Perspex walls. <img decoding="async" class="wp-image-107888" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-scaled.jpg" alt="" width="380" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-600x400.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-1600x1067.jpg 1600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-768x512.jpg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-350x233.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-300x200.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/8_45-edited-510x340.jpg 510w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> Explore Experiment how different configurations and parameter affect the levitation: What happens if the two magnetic tracks have opposite orientations*? Does it change the levitation stability? Height? * make sure you flip one of the rows of magnets in the levitating cars as well. What happens if the magnets closer to the edge? Check the stability and levitation properties of the puck. What happens if you use 4 magnets (instead of 8) for the puck? Try placing the magnets at the corners / in the center. Find the optimal magnetic arrangement for the most stable levitation. What is the maximal weight that can be carried by the magnetic train? Measure the height of the levitation as function of weight. Put some adhesive tape on the top of the puck. Stack one/multiple coins on the tape. Make sure they are not magnetic! Using a ruler – measure the levitation height. Optional – plot a graph showing the height vs. weight. Is the relation linear? Can you give an intuitive explanation to curve shape? <!-- <!--">--> Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $119.00 – $309.00 Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $119.00 – $309.00 Includes Quantum Levitator (YBCO superconductor inside), Ø3.5 cm, Ø1.4” … Read more <div class="column small-12 medium-6 tablet-4 large-3 product type-product post-829 status-publish instock product_cat-quantum-demonstration-kits product_cat-science-project product_tag-diy product_tag-maglev product_tag-magnetic-levitation product_tag-quantum-levitation product_tag-superconductor product_tag-train has-post-thumbnail sale taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-variable has-default-attributes"> Magnetic Train Science Fair Kit $79.00 – $172.00 Magnetic Train Science Fair Kit $79.00 – $172.00 Includes Track setup (perspex) + levitator plate 22x NdFeB cube magnets (1x10x30 mm) 10x NdFeB… Read more DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets $534.00 – $801.00 DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets $534.00 – $801.00 Includes Small / Medium Quantum Levitator Plastic tweezers 150/300 NdFeB block magnets (10X10X2mm3) … Read more
What Is Superconducting Levitation and How Does it Work?
Ever wondered how Quantum levitation is possible? It’s all due to superconducting materials! These materials have special properties that allow them to conduct electricity without any resistance. When a magnet is placed near a superconducting material, the superconductor does two things at the same time – expel some of the magnetic field from its body (Meissner effect) and pin some of the field inside (flux pinning). This creates two effects: Magnetic repulsion – the superconductor “becomes” an opposite magnet and feels a repulsion force. Quantum Locking – locking of the superconductor in the surrounding magnetic field, preventing the pinned magnetic flux lines from moving inside the material. How Does Superconducting Levitation or Quantum Levitation Work? Superconducting levitation requires two conditions to be met in order for it to happen. First, the material itself must be cooled to temperatures well below room temperatures (around -163°C / -261°F). This is because all the superconductors we know of today, become superconductive only at low temperatures. Second, a powerful magnet must be placed near the superconductor. Initially, this causes electron pairs (Cooper pairs) within the material to start moving, and produce a magnetic field opposite to the external field, and as a result create magnetic repulsion. This is called the Meissner effect. A small magnetic ball is dropped above a superconductor. Its magnetic field is being expelled from the superconductor and as a result the ball is repelled from the superconductor. If the magnetic field is strong enough and the superconductor is of the right type (called Type II), the field will overcome the Meissner expulsion and penetrate the body of the superconductor. The magnetic field will enter the body in the form of discrete magnetic tubes or fluxons. The fluxons may get stuck in pinning centers – areas where superconductivity is relatively weaker, such as defects, grain boundaries, etc. This effect is called Flux Pinning. Any movement of the fluxons outside the pinning centers will cause the energy of the system to increase and will thus be followed by a force the tries to negate it. This is similar to a ball at the bottom of a bowl where any movement of the ball will increase its potential energy and will thus be encountered with a returning force towards the center. Discrete flux line (fluxons) shown from above as they enter a superconductor and get stuck in an array of pinning centers. A ball feels a returning force inside a potential wall When the flux is pinned inside the material it locks the superconductor in place and we get the 3D locking effect. The superconductor can be frozen mid-air in any orientation and even be suspended below the magnet. We can distinguish between the Meissner repulsion and flux pinning with an easy-to-do experiment: Flux pinning forces can be both negative and positive Meissner effect repulsion force is always positive Read more about these here What determines the strength of the locking? Superconducting Critical Current – Superconductors have one “card” in its sleeve – the ability to transfer currents without resistance. These supercurrents produce a magnetic field that interacts with the external field and are the source of the levitation and suspension forces. The maximal levitation force depends strongly on the maximal internal current a superconductor can transfer or critical current, Ic . A typical value of Ic in modern high-Tc superconductors is ~500A for a 1cm wide tape at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77K). The higher the critical current the stronger the levitation force. External magnetic Field strength & gradient – Another parameter that affects the levitation force is the strength of the external magnetic field and its spatial gradient. The levitation forces stem from the energy changes when fluxons move inside the superconductor and in/out of pinning centers. The stronger the magnetic field the more fluxons are and the overall force needed to move them. Also, if the external field changes rapidly in space, having a strong spatial gradient, the fluxons will try to move when the superconductor is moved which will require a stronger force. A superconductor is locked mid-air in different orientations above a permanent magnet. <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":888,"item_id":888,"item_name":"Mini Maglev Kit","sku":"304\/5","price":0,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Quantum Demonstration Kits","id":888,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/mini-maglev-kit-full\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"composite","item_brand":""}"> Mini Maglev Kit $1,497.00 – $2,245.00 Select options <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":814,"item_id":814,"item_name":"Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit","sku":"310","price":139,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Superconductor Experiment Kits","id":814,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/superconductivity-kit\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $139.00 – $399.00 Select options <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":290,"item_id":290,"item_name":"DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets","sku":290,"price":534,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Science-project","id":290,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/diy-maglev-kit\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets $534.00 – $801.00 Select options
Superconductor Hoverboard Science fair project
We can easily build a true hoverboard with superconductors. Superconductors Superconductors are a perfect example for a Quantum Physics that is macroscopic, large and accessible to play with. Superconductivity is created by having discrete energy levels AND by having a large energy gap between the lowest energy state and higher available states. You can read more about this here. Besides being perfect electrical conductors, superconductors exhibit the strangest magnetic properties: Meissner effect – diamagnetic expulsion of external magnetic fields. The superconductor expels magnetic fields by becoming an opposite magnet. Flux pinning or Quantum Locking – the ability to lock magnetic fields. The locking traps the superconductor in mid air, allowing it to levitate and suspend in a surrounding magnetic field. The combination of both allows us to create frictionless, levitating motion and a true hoverboard experience. Hoverboard science project Components: (DIY maglev kit) Quantum Levitator (DIY maglev kit) Magnets, 10x10x2 mm (DIY maglev kit) Track spacers (DIY maglev kit) Plastic tongs Steel sheet Activity: Quantum Locking Place magnets in 2×2, 3×3 and 4×4 matrix on the still sheet. Position the magnets so that they attract each other side-by-side. In this orientation two adjacent magnets point to different direction. <img decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-107087" style="width:-275px;height:-275px" width="-275" height="-275" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking.jpeg 1022w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking-510x511.jpeg 510w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking-600x600.jpeg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking-280x280.jpeg 280w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking-768x770.jpeg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking-350x350.jpeg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Magnet-matrix-Quantum-locking-300x300.jpeg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px" /> Magnets arrangment Locking of the superconductor above 2×2 magnets <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-1553x1600.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-107086" style="width:339px;height:349px" width="339" height="349" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-1553x1600.jpg 1553w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-scaled-510x525.jpg 510w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-582x600.jpg 582w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-768x791.jpg 768w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-1491x1536.jpg 1491w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-1988x2048.jpg 1988w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-340x350.jpg 340w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/quantum-locking-4-magnets-291x300.jpg 291w" sizes="(max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px" /> Explore the locking of the superconductor due to flux pinning. Try to visualize the magnetic field lines. Q: Why is the superconductor locked stable in all directions? Hoverboard, frictionless motion Build a straight track by placing the magnets on the steel sheet such that adjacent magnets, side-by-side, attract each other (opposite orientations) and magnets along the track repel each other. Try to push magnets along the track as close to each other as possible. Cool the levitator and place it on the track. Observe – The Superconductor is locked on the track AND can move freely along the straight line. Repeat this track shape with a spacer between the two rows. The magnets across the spacer should attract each other which will help keeping the spacer in place. Cool the levitator and place it on the track. Explore the frictionless motion. Observe and think: Can you tell the difference in the levitation between the two options? Draw the field lines on both cases and explain the different behaviors due to the magnetic field. Enjoy ! <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":888,"item_id":888,"item_name":"Mini Maglev Kit","sku":"304\/5","price":0,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Quantum Demonstration Kits","id":888,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/mini-maglev-kit-full\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"composite","item_brand":""}"> Mini Maglev Kit $1,497.00 – $2,245.00 Select options <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":814,"item_id":814,"item_name":"Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit","sku":"310","price":139,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Superconductor Experiment Kits","id":814,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/superconductivity-kit\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> Economy superconductivity Levitation Kit $139.00 – $399.00 Select options <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":290,"item_id":290,"item_name":"DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets","sku":290,"price":534,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Science-project","id":290,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/diy-maglev-kit\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> DIY Maglev Kit with Strong Maglev Magnets $534.00 – $801.00 Select options
Superconductivity introduces one of the most technically difficult challenges for physicists – designing a measurement setup that will be sensitive to both low (& zero) voltages/resistance and to high voltages/resistance at the same time. Below we give a short review of physicists and not students can measure superconductivity in the lab using easily available equipment. […]
Superconductivity introduces one of the most technically difficult challenges for physicists – designing a measurement setup that will be sensitive to both low (& zero) voltages/resistance and to high voltages/resistance at the same time. Below we give a short review of physicists and not students can measure superconductivity in the lab using easily available equipment. The original graph from Onnes’s publication from 1911 showing the resistance of mercury as a function of its temperature. (H. K. Onnes, Comm. Leiden, 124c, 1911). Measuring Superconductivity When current passes through a material, the potential energy of the electrons changes along the current path. Voltage is the potential energy (per unit charge) of the conductive electrons and it is Voltage difference that we actually measure in most experiments. The electrical resistance of any material can be derived from Ohm’s law: R – The resistance to electrical current I – Electric current V – voltage The voltage changes as the current flows through any material. However, when the changes we are after are small, we need to filter out voltage drops from unwanted sources such as the contacts, wires, noise, etc. In order to solve this problem physicists came up with a clever measurement setup that is sensitive only to the voltage inside the material under question. In a 2-wire measurement we inject the current and measure the voltage using the same leads. We measure the voltage outside the superconductor and are therefor sensitive to changes across the contacts & wires as well as the voltage drop inside the superconductor (if it exists). Since the voltage drop in the superconducting state is zero (and infinitesimally small close to the superconducting state) we mainly sense the contacts & wires. In a 4-wire measurement the voltage probes are connected inside the current path. Current does not flow through the voltage leads & contacts and hence the measured voltage is sensitive only to the voltage drop inside the material. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="320" height="319" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-106976" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup.jpg 320w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup-280x280.jpg 280w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/4-wire-measurement-setup-300x300.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /> Learn more and perform these experiments using our 4-point measurement kit and Superconductivity Experiment kit : <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":106760,"item_id":106760,"item_name":"Superconductivity Experiment Kit","sku":"409-405","price":1550,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Superconductor Experiment Kits","id":106760,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/superconductivity-experiment-kit\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> Superconductivity Experiment Kit $1,550.00 – $1,710.00 Select options <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":799,"item_id":799,"item_name":"4-point Tc setup","sku":"405","price":587,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Superconductor Experiment Kits","id":799,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/superconductor-critical-temperature-4-point-experiment-kit\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> 4-point Tc setup $587.00 – $1,249.00 Select options
Qualitative Experiment steps: Quantum Levitation is the stable levitation and suspension of a superconductor in a surrounding magnetic field. It is actually the result of two separate phenomena: We can perform the following experiments to distinguish between the two – Meissner effect: Flux pinning: Quantitive experiment: Get actual numbers and analyze the forces – repulsion […]
Qualitative Experiment steps: Quantum Levitation is the stable levitation and suspension of a superconductor in a surrounding magnetic field. It is actually the result of two separate phenomena: Meissner effect – the repulsion of magnetic fields from the superconductor body Flux pinning – the pinning of magnetic flux inside the superconductor We can perform the following experiments to distinguish between the two – Meissner effect: Take a Quantum Levitator and place it upside down, with the superconductor at the bottom facing up. Cool with liquid nitrogen. Make sure not to over fill the nitrogen liquid. Take a small magnet (like this) and gently drop it a few inches/cm above the superconductor. It will jump right up, being repelled from the superconductor. This is perfect diamagnetism caused by the Meissner effect. Flux pinning: Repeat the same setup with the levitator upside down and cooled. This time, push the magnet using plastic tweezers closer to the superconductor. Make sure to push the magnet close enough to feel the resistance. Now, when you release the magnet – it stays floating, rotating around its symmetry axis. Quantitive experiment: Get actual numbers and analyze the forces – repulsion and attraction, between a superconductor and a magnet. With the Superconductivity Experiment kit you can measure and record the actual forces in different scenarios: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY EXPERIMENT KIT <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":106906,"item_id":106906,"item_name":"Meissner Effect & Flux Pinning Force Experiment Kit","sku":"410","price":899,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Superconductor Experiment Kits","id":106906,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/levitation_force_experiment\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> Meissner Effect & Flux Pinning Force Experiment Kit $899.00 – $1,149.00 Select options <span class="gtm4wp_productdata" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" data-gtm4wp_product_data="{"internal_id":106760,"item_id":106760,"item_name":"Superconductivity Experiment Kit","sku":"409-405","price":1550,"stocklevel":null,"stockstatus":"instock","google_business_vertical":"retail","item_category":"Superconductor Experiment Kits","id":106760,"productlink":"https:\/\/quantumlevitation.com\/product\/superconductivity-experiment-kit\/","item_list_name":"General Product List","index":0,"product_type":"variable","item_brand":""}"> Superconductivity Experiment Kit $1,550.00 – $1,710.00 Select options
Quantum Levitation has dazzled millions of people via major TV networks, the TED conference live and online, and in universities and schools around the world. But we haven’t just created a sophisticated demo for audiences to view; we developed our kits to be simple-to-use and highly engaging educational tools. You Can Experiment with Quantum Levitation […]
Quantum Levitation has dazzled millions of people via major TV networks, the TED conference live and online, and in universities and schools around the world. But we haven’t just created a sophisticated demo for audiences to view; we developed our kits to be simple-to-use and highly engaging educational tools. You Can Experiment with Quantum Levitation It’s time to take quantum phenomena into your own hands! We designed our mini-maglev kit for whole classrooms to be able to explore circular motion. Your students can operate the kit themselves, conducting meaningful experiments like: Circular motion – polar vs. cartesian coordinates Circular motion – constant velocity Harmonic motion I Harmonic motion II – tuneable harmonic oscillator Conservation of mechanical energy Linear momentum conservation I Linear momentum conservation II – plastic collisions Each involves three straightforward steps: 1. Perform the experiment Position the maglev track (horizontal / tilted), then lock the levitator/s on the track and prepare your smartphone camera. Record several videos of the experiment using different parameters. 2. Extract the data Export your videos to Tracker software. Examine the recorded motion of the levitators with your students, and have them identify the relevant parameter involved (coordinates, velocity, angle, etc). <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03e27d03-77dd-4403-913d-237868882e1d.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-480" width="312" height="214" srcset="https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03e27d03-77dd-4403-913d-237868882e1d.jpg 745w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03e27d03-77dd-4403-913d-237868882e1d-510x350.jpg 510w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03e27d03-77dd-4403-913d-237868882e1d-600x412.jpg 600w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03e27d03-77dd-4403-913d-237868882e1d-350x241.jpg 350w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03e27d03-77dd-4403-913d-237868882e1d-300x206.jpg 300w, https://quantumlevitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/03e27d03-77dd-4403-913d-237868882e1d-582x400.jpg 582w" sizes="(max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px" /> 3. Analyze the data Use Tracker, Excel, or a similar software to analyze the data you’ve collected. You can perform linear fitting, calculate energies, etc. Discuss the results with your students and enjoy a lively Q&A session about the experiment! Learn more about our kits